Archive for July 2nd, 2010
Our Douchebag Government – Midyear Debt Update
By Karl Denninger
Keep up the lying, legislators, about how it’s all “those other guys” fault…..
Yesterday gave me the opportunity to update this chart with an extrapolated forward number for this year through the first six months.
Yeah, tell me it’s all the Republicans’ fault. Or all the Democrats’.
Nonsense.
Our government refuses to deal with the facts – there is no recovery in the private economy, there has been no recovery, private final demand collapsed in 2008 and has not come back one iota and the Feral Government is LYING – on both sides of the aisle.
You want a stock market crash and economic collapse Mr. Grayson? Mr. Reid? Ms. Pelosi? Mr. McCain? Mr. Hoyer? Mr. Issa? Mr/Ms (Pick a name)?
You’re going to get one and the longer you keep this crap up the worse it’s going to be.
Want to argue with me? Go ahead and try – argue with the math. I double-dog-dare you. Tell me how we can keep doing what we’re doing, and for how long. How long we can borrow and spend 10, 11, 12% of GDP on an annual basis before those who fund our national credit card say this:

Are you in Congress and the White House so damned arrogant as to think that this can’t or won’t happen? What are you going to threaten people with? 6,000 nuclear weapons? For what? Refusing to fund an ever-spiraling higher Ponzi Scheme? For how long will that game work? Can such a threat be effective beyond the mathematical limits of capacity, even if the leaders of said nations want to continue doing so?
No.
Here’s reality folks: We’ve written checks for 30 years with our political mouths we cannot cash with our producing fingers. We’ve papered over this with fraud in virtually every nook and cranny of public and private life. We have allowed producers to depart for lands where effective slavery exists for labor, refusing to enact parity tariffs to put a stop to it. We have allowed blatant and outrageous theft of our producers’ intellectual property and conferred upon these nations “most-favored nation” trading status. We have blown serial bubbles in the stock and housing markets and would love to blow another one in “carbon trading”, but all three were and are frauds without foundation in reality – or sustainability.
Jeff Immelt, GE’s Chief Executive, came out today against the Chinese – and Obama:
He warned that the world’s largest manufacturing company was exploring better prospects elsewhere in resource-rich countries, which did not want to be “colonised” by Chinese investors. “I really worry about China,” Mr Immelt told an audience of top Italian executives in Rome, accusing the Chinese government of becoming increasingly protectionist. “I am not sure that in the end they want any of us to win, or any of us to be successful.”
Of course they don’t. You slept with Satan and you woke up with a sore butt. Who’s fault is this, exactly? A government that’s communist, a workforce that operates under effective slave conditions, a population that has license to steal anything intellectual from anyone without recourse or the rule of law, indeed, a government that has stolen military secrets and warhead designs – when they couldn’t just buy them (as they did during Clinton’s term.) Suddenly Mr. Immelt shows outrage and shock when the snake does what a snake does – and it was very visibly a snake before he got involved over there?
Who’s responsible for intentionally sticking one’s hand on a lit BBQ?
There is no “lack of clarity” in the economy. What has been done is transparent to anyone who cares to look. The Federal Debt picture is published each and every day and it is clear, convincing, and irrefutable. The same bluff was run in both Iceland and Greece, and got called twice by the market. Europe has recognized this and has pledged to stop playing Ponzi (whether they’ll actually do it until cities burn at the hand of angry mobs is another matter, but at least they’re claiming intent.) We, on the other hand, keep pressing for more and more Ponzi.
I don’t care if people want to talk about austerity – and implement it – or not. I don’t care if people want cradle-to-grave medical care with the “best” we can offer. I don’t care if people want to be able to have $100/month cell phones while unemployed, or 99 weeks of unemployment so they don’t have to save for their own tough times, or $40,000 annual tuition and fee costs at universities to learn about “woman’s studies” or “primary education.”
None of what I want, you want, or the government wants has a thing to do with the mathematics of the situation we have before us today and the instabilities we built into the economy over the last 30 years.
In 2000 we had to accept a 10% contraction in GDP, along with a reduction in debt levels in the system to 150-175% of GDP, to get back to some reasonable resemblance of parity.
In 2007 the contraction we had to accept was 20%.
Today, it’s approaching forty percent, and the commensurate reduction in debt in the system – in total - is about 60%.
This means the federal government must shrink in size by that same 60%.
As I said a couple of weeks ago, get the BBQ sauce and pick several sacred cows, because we must size the Federal Government to roughly 15% of a $10 trillion economy, or $1.5 trillion in total. Here’s the pie chart you need to reduce by sixty percent:
Go ahead and tell me how you’re going to do it. Or tell me, if you wish, that you’re NOT going to do it, and then extrapolate to how long our creditors will permit that situation to persist, because it is not under our control – it is under theirs.
We are in the beginning stages of a global asset market collapse.
When did the stock market take off? At the same time the debt Ponzi took off. The debt Ponzi is now collapsing. What’s going to keep the stock market from losing all of the “gains” it put on during those years? Yes, all the way back to early 1980s levels.
Go ahead – make the case that it won’t happen when the leverage capacity disappears – and it is disappearing. The “establishment” folks know damn well this is in the cards, which is why they’re scrambling to lie, lie and lie some more lest you figure it out and hold them to account. They’re well-aware that while most of the time the “elites” manage to do just fine there are historical exceptions when extreme imbalances are cranked too far and the arrogance of the elites continues beyond all reason. Hold a seance and ask Marie Antionette’s ghost about the consequences of such actions and how quickly they can appear.
What you saw in 2008 was the opening act. 2009 and early 2010 was the intermission – the eye of the hurricane when everyone came outside and marveled at the pretty blue sky.
The back half of this Cat 5 storm is far worse as instead of an offshore wind this time we’ll get the onshore wind and a 30′ high storm surge. The wind is starting to pick up.
We either act right now or our choices will be made for us.
Now go watch the pretty Fireworks over the 4th of July weekend – and consider what it’s going to feel like when those start going off in your face in the coming weeks and months.
“Here it comes”
Six Months to Go Until The Largest Tax Hikes in History
In just six months, the largest tax hikes in the history of America will take effect. They will hit families and small businesses in three great waves on January 1, 2011:
First Wave: Expiration of 2001 and 2003 Tax Relief
In 2001 and 2003, the GOP Congress enacted several tax cuts for investors, small business owners, and families. These will all expire on January 1, 2011:
Personal income tax rates will rise. The top income tax rate will rise from 35 to 39.6 percent (this is also the rate at which two-thirds of small business profits are taxed). The lowest rate will rise from 10 to 15 percent. All the rates in between will also rise. Itemized deductions and personal exemptions will again phase out, which has the same mathematical effect as higher marginal tax rates. The full list of marginal rate hikes is below:
- The 10% bracket rises to an expanded 15%
- The 25% bracket rises to 28%
- The 28% bracket rises to 31%
- The 33% bracket rises to 36%
- The 35% bracket rises to 39.6%
Higher taxes on marriage and family. The “marriage penalty” (narrower tax brackets for married couples) will return from the first dollar of income. The child tax credit will be cut in half from $1000 to $500 per child. The standard deduction will no longer be doubled for married couples relative to the single level. The dependent care and adoption tax credits will be cut.
The return of the Death Tax. This year, there is no death tax. For those dying on or after January 1 2011, there is a 55 percent top death tax rate on estates over $1 million. A person leaving behind two homes and a retirement account could easily pass along a death tax bill to their loved ones.
Higher tax rates on savers and investors. The capital gains tax will rise from 15 percent this year to 20 percent in 2011. The dividends tax will rise from 15 percent this year to 39.6 percent in 2011. These rates will rise another 3.8 percent in 2013.
Second Wave: Obamacare
There are over twenty new or higher taxes in Obamacare. Several will first go into effect on January 1, 2011. They include:
The “Medicine Cabinet Tax” Thanks to Obamacare, Americans will no longer be able to use health savings account (HSA), flexible spending account (FSA), or health reimbursement (HRA) pre-tax dollars to purchase non-prescription, over-the-counter medicines (except insulin).
The “Special Needs Kids Tax” This provision of Obamacare imposes a cap on flexible spending accounts (FSAs) of $2500 (Currently, there is no federal government limit). There is one group of FSA owners for whom this new cap will be particularly cruel and onerous: parents of special needs children. There are thousands of families with special needs children in the United States, and many of them use FSAs to pay for special needs education. Tuition rates at one leading school that teaches special needs children in Washington, D.C. (National Child Research Center) can easily exceed $14,000 per year. Under tax rules, FSA dollars can be used to pay for this type of special needs education.
The HSA Withdrawal Tax Hike. This provision of Obamacare increases the additional tax on non-medical early withdrawals from an HSA from 10 to 20 percent, disadvantaging them relative to IRAs and other tax-advantaged accounts, which remain at 10 percent.
Third Wave: The Alternative Minimum Tax and Employer Tax Hikes
When Americans prepare to file their tax returns in January of 2011, they’ll be in for a nasty surprise—the AMT won’t be held harmless, and many tax relief provisions will have expired. The major items include:
The AMT will ensnare over 28 million families, up from 4 million last year. According to the left-leaning Tax Policy Center, Congress’ failure to index the AMT will lead to an explosion of AMT taxpaying families—rising from 4 million last year to 28.5 million. These families will have to calculate their tax burdens twice, and pay taxes at the higher level. The AMT was created in 1969 to ensnare a handful of taxpayers.
Small business expensing will be slashed and 50% expensing will disappear. Small businesses can normally expense (rather than slowly-deduct, or “depreciate”) equipment purchases up to $250,000. This will be cut all the way down to $25,000. Larger businesses can expense half of their purchases of equipment. In January of 2011, all of it will have to be “depreciated.”
Taxes will be raised on all types of businesses. There are literally scores of tax hikes on business that will take place. The biggest is the loss of the “research and experimentation tax credit,” but there are many, many others. Combining high marginal tax rates with the loss of this tax relief will cost jobs.
Tax Benefits for Education and Teaching Reduced. The deduction for tuition and fees will not be available. Tax credits for education will be limited. Teachers will no longer be able to deduct classroom expenses. Coverdell Education Savings Accounts will be cut. Employer-provided educational assistance is curtailed. The student loan interest deduction will be disallowed for hundreds of thousands of families.
Charitable Contributions from IRAs no longer allowed. Under current law, a retired person with an IRA can contribute up to $100,000 per year directly to a charity from their IRA. This contribution also counts toward an annual “required minimum distribution.” This ability will no longer be there.
Employment Report: Yawn
By Karl Denninger
Total nonfarm payroll employment declined by 125,000 in June, and the unemployment rate edged down to 9.5 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The decline in payroll employment reflected a decrease (-225,000) in the number of temporary employees working on Census 2010. Private-sector payroll employment edged up by 83,000.
That was “better than expectations”? Yawn.
More important was the decrease in average hourly earnings and the workweek decrease. Both are pointing to a continuation of deflationary pressures. It’s not serious – yet – but this isn’t what you want to see if the employment situation is supposed to be improving and the economy is supposed to be recovering.
Indeed, what this looks like from here is a rather serious softening in the employment market.
U-6 stands at 16.5%, which is down marginally (0.1%) from last month, while U-3 (the common “unemployment rate”) came in at 9.5%.
The best way to represent this is in my monthly tracking charts, which I’ve updated for you here. First, the Employment Trends chart:
Meh. That’s not improvement, it’s flat. The rebound appears to be over, and it’s also an illusion, as this graph disregards the entrance into the labor market of new workers (about 150,000 a month.) That’s reflected here:
Yeah. We’ve managed a whole one percent improvement off the bottom: we were running around 63-64% from 2000 onward until 2007, we dove to 58%, and now have “recovered” to 59%. The so-called “improvement” in private hiring the last few months haven’t moved the needle materially at all – indeed, the “real” improvement came from the first of the year until March.
Since then?
Nothing.
If this is all we’ve got then the so-called “double dip” is assured. In point of fact, however, there was no material recovery from an employment perspective at all.
The so-called “Great Recession” (which will eventually be recognized as the Depression it is) continues.
Why The Greater Depression Still Lies Ahead
By Michael Pento
If policymakers do not understand the real cause of a problem, they will in all likelihood be unable to provide a genuine solution.
Messrs. Barack Obama, Benjamin Bernanke and Timothy Geithner do not understand the real cause of this debt crisis. They are politicians first and economists or students of the market second–if at all. Therefore, it is not wise to count on them to tell us when the Great Recession is over, or to provide a plan to prevent another one in the future.
The cause of the Great Depression in the 1930s, and the Great Recession beginning in 2007, was one and the same: an overleveraged economy. Excessive debt levels are the direct result of the central bank providing artificially low interest rates and of superfluous lending on the part of commercial banks.
The easy money provided by banks eventually brings debt in the economy to an unsustainable level. At that point, the only real and viable solution is for the public and private sectors to undergo a protracted period of deleveraging. The ensuing depression is, in actuality, the healing process at work, which is marked by the selling of assets and the paying down of debt.
Unfortunately, our politicians today are focused on fighting this natural healing process by promoting the accumulation of more debt.
During this latest economic contraction, the Federal Reserve took interest rates to near 0%, and the Obama administration is leveraging up the public sector to record levels in a bid to re-leverage the private sector. The government’s philosophy is tantamount to sticking a frostbitten man in the freezer so he won’t have to suffer the pain associated with the thawing of his extremities.
During the Great Depression, real gross domestic product plummeted 32%. The Great Recession, which we are still struggling through, began in December 2007, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. In contrast to the 1930s, GDP during this recession shrank only 3.6% from the fourth quarter of 2007 through its low point in the second quarter of 2009. Between the fourth quarter of 2007 and the first quarter of this year (the most recent period for which data is available), GDP contracted a mere 1.1%.
The contraction in GDP during the Great Depression was the direct result of consumers paying down debt and selling off assets. Household debt as a percentage of GDP reached nearly 100% in 1929. To put that number in perspective, household debt did not go back above 50% of GDP until 1985. It was not until the first quarter of 2009 that household debt once again approached the Great Depression level of 100% of GDP.
Between the start of the Great Depression and the end of World War II, household debt fell from 100% to just above 20% of GDP. Getting there was a painful process, but such de-leveraging was the only real cure for an economy swimming in debt. Thanks to government efforts to carry on our debt-fueled consumption binge, during today’s Great Recession household debt has barely contract at all; it fell to 92.5% of GDP in the first quarter of this year.
To make matters even worse, during this current crisis our government’s response has been to dramatically increase its own borrowing. At the start of the Great Depression, gross federal debt was 16% of GDP. It peaked just below 44% when the Depression ended. While the national debt did increase significantly during that period, it was still relatively benign when viewed from a historical perspective.
The U.S. entered the current Great Recession with gross national debt equal to 65% of GDP. It has since exploded to 90% of GDP! Comparing the relatively innocuous level of the 1930s with today’s pile of government debt clearly illustrates the perilous state of the economy.
National debt did rise dramatically during World War II, topping out at 120% of GDP in 1946. But consumer debt plunged concurrently. So while the nation was adding debt to fight and win a global war, households were taking the necessary steps to ensure their balance sheets were well prepared for the aftermath of the battle.
Today, gross national debt and household debt are both at or above 90% of GDP for the first time in our history.
Many observers–unfortunately including most of those in power–have concluded that the government must spend more while consumers rein in their debts. Their strategy is based on the belief that once the economy perks up they can unwind that debt.
There are two problems with this Keynesian theory. One is that government spending doesn’t increase GDP; it only chokes off private-sector growth. The other is that politicians never regard the present as a good time for the government to pay off its debts.
The result is that the country is left with a private sector reducing a massive overhang of debt. As households curb spending, GDP slows, and the ratio of debt to economic output grows even further.
Since we have yet to address the real cause of this recession, we are moving inexorably closer to causing The Greater Depression. If policymakers do not understand that the progenitor of a depression is debt, they will also be unable to provide a genuine solution.
Michael Pento is chief economist at Delta Global Advisors and a contributor to greenfaucet.com.
The Clock Is Running (Out)
By Karl Denninger
Debra Rousey of Gainesville, Georgia, says that she received an unemployment check of $194 last week, half the usual amount she receives, along with a letter announcing that this check would be her last. She is now in a complete panic over what to do next.
Welcome to a thing called “reality.”
“I’m desperate and devastated,” she told HuffPost. “I didn’t get any warning. I was barely making ends meet on $330 a week, trying to diaper my grandchild and put food on the table for the four people I support. What do I do now? How am I going to make rent next month? I keep thinking, ‘If I end up in a cardboard box, can I find one big enough for everybody, or do I have to send my son to live with someone else?’”
Ok, let’s think here. Four people you support? One is a grandchild (where’s Dad – if not Mom?); who are the other four?
Since Rousey, 45, was laid off from her job as a branch manager for Suntrust bank in November, she says she has been “frantically looking” for a job — everything from entry-level marketing positions to a fry cook job at McDonalds — but hasn’t had an interview in months. As of tomorrow, she will be one of nearly 1.7 million people whose unemployment benefits have prematurely expired while Congress sits on legislation that would renew those benefits.
How long did you have that job and how much did you save of your income during that time? Little – or zero? It sounds like it. This situation, incidentally, is why that’s a bad idea.
Rousey is currently pursuing a master’s degree in adult education through an online program, and her son, 17, and her 25-year-old daughter are also full-time students. She said all three of them are desperate for work.
How is the school being paid for? And the 25-year old – how long has she been in school?
“They cut off my Internet and cable about five minutes ago, and my landlord is already calling,” she said. “I don’t have time to wait for Congress to extend these benefits. I’m drowning fast.”
Oh, I see. And in November, when you lost your job, the Internet and Cable (which is likely $100 a month or so) was not something you cut off proactively to conserve funds? Why not?
Got a cell phone? What’s the monthly nut on that?
Diapers are expensive in packages. Cloth ones are cheaper. Yes, they’re less convenient – a lot less convenient. I remember buying the packages of Pampers for my daughter. If I had been broke, cloth it would be.
What’s your electric bill? Did the AC get cut off in November too, or has it been blasting away all spring and summer? Was your heat set at “Jimmy Carter” levels over the winter months, or was it a nice toasty 72F inside?
November -> June is six months during which the standard 26 weeks of unemployment (that you do pay into via taxes and premiums that are assessed on your employer) ran.
The rest is a handout.
Over those six months this individual appears to have made no adjustments of materiality to compensate for the fact that she lost her income. Now she’s in a panic and is looking for someone to blame.
Notice that nowhere in that article is even the first hint of accepting responsibility for not cutting back on significant discretionary purchases when the job was lost and attempting to stretch every dollar as far as it could possibly go.
I empathize with this woman’s dilemma, but here’s the problem: We (the government, the people) don’t have the money to keep doing this.
Yes, I also recognize that we squandered an awful lot of money, but those funds are gone. Take it out on whoever you’d like for those acts. I did my level damndest to stop it, and failed. We gave money to GM, we gave money to Chrysler, we gave money to AIG, we gave money to foreign banks. Both republican and democrat administrations did this, including President Barack Obama who, I remind everyone voted for TARP along with a number of other pork-laden bills.
Nearly three years ago I recommended that the government fund and put aside $200 billion in actual cash to provide emergency shelter and food for up to 25% of the population for as long as 12-24 months. I was entirely serious, although I’m sure that many Congressmen and women who got my faxed letter perceived me to be absolutely insane. My recommendation was to be prepared to provide “three hots and a cot” on closed military bases or unused parts of active facilities for this purpose. These would not be “luxury accommodations” or even trailers – we’re talking literally “three hots, a cot, hot water to shower with and flush toilets.” That’s all.
The simple fact of the matter is that huge swaths of America literally have saved nothing. They have been goaded into borrowing amounts that in some cases exceed their annual earnings. Most of these people are literally one hiccup in their income stream away from utter destitution.
Yes, much of it (if not all of it) is their own fault. They have saved nothing. They run $100 cable TV and Internet bills, and another $100 for “smart” cellphone service – each and every month. They have their financed car(s) on which they must maintain full coverage insurance (instead of a “moving jalopy” that is paid for, worth little, and on which one only needs liability insurance at 1/4 the cost.) They’re entitled to a 75 degree house in the winter or summer, even if it generates a $300 electric bill. They believe they’re entitled to student loans to go to college (instead of refusing to attend until the colleges get costs in check) further damaging their economic futures.
This state of affairs did not come about in an afternoon and it can’t be fixed in one either. We cannot allow people to starve, but we also cannot continue to fund handouts as we have. The money simply is not there.
We need to figure out how to live in a nation with a forty percent smaller GDP than we now have. Yes, 40%. That means you, I, everyone else. The “living large” game is over. All Ponzi Schemes ultimately collapse – they do not go quietly into the night. The collapse is brutal, it’s quick, it’s efficient and it’s devastating to anyone caught in it.
Every time.
These are facts, not fantasies.
If you are not prepared today, you need to become so by tomorrow.
Incidentally, yesterday would have been better.
There are some things we can do to help though, and they don’t cost much money at all.
One of them is to kick out the 20 million+ illegal invaders who are consuming resources of all sorts – including taking jobs that Americans could be doing. The non-institutional working-age population (of legal residents and citizens) has gone from 230.6 million in 2007 to 237.5 million now. The number employed has gone from 144.2 million to 139.5. That’s 11.5 million citizens out of work but ready, willing and able.
So tell me why we have 20 million illegal invaders in our nation again? Sure, some of them have jobs. But every one of those jobs is one that an American could be doing. It is an outrage that we allow our nation to be overrun with illegal Mexican invaders while our citizens are out of work and days or weeks away from being evicted and living under a highway overpass.
People tell me we can’t deport ‘em all. My retort is that we don’t have to. Drive a bus with armed security to every chicken plant and strawberry field in America. Pick ‘em up, fingerprint ‘em electronically, bus ‘em to the border. Make clear that if they get caught again in the United States they’ll do five years at hard labor, no possibility of early release, before being deported again. Third time, 10 years. And so on.
It’ll be a week before they all leave on their own, except the gang bangers, of which there are many. Those we’ll have to actually go round up the hard way.
There’s your employment problem.
Who was it that gave a speech yesterday exhorting us to “understand” all those illegal invaders in our country, let them keep the jobs that Americans could be doing, and not kick them out again?
That would be President Obama, I think…..
Hmmm…
Treasury’s ‘Point Man’ on AIG Bailout That Benefited Goldman, Owned Goldman Stock
By Karen Weise
Deep in an article today on the government’s bailout of AIG, The New York Times cites sources saying that the Treasury Department’s “point man” on AIG, Don Jester, was a former Goldman Sachs employee who owned stock in the bank even as he was making decisions [1] on the bailout that ultimately channeled billions of taxpayer dollars to Goldman.
Owning stock in a company an official oversees typically is verboten, but because Jester was working as an outside contractor rather than an official employee, he was exempt from conflict-of interest rules [2].

American International Group building in New York City (Spencer Platt/Getty Images)
Goldman Sachs stood to benefit from the AIG bailout because Goldman had roughly $20 billion in insurance-like credit-default swaps with AIG — essentially bets by the investment bank that the housing market would go south. But if AIG collapsed, Goldman wouldn’t be able to collect on the bets. When the government instead bailed out AIG, taxpayers paid out the swaps at full face value, and Goldman Sachs got $12.9 billion [3] — more than any other of AIG’s customers.
Jester was Goldman’s deputy CFO when he left the firm in 2005. And here’s what the Times says [1] about his investments in Goldman:
Mr. Jester, according to several people with knowledge of his financial holdings, still owned Goldman stock while overseeing Treasury’s response to the A.I.G. crisis.
We contacted Jester this morning to comment on the story and confirm the stock ownership; we’ll post an update when we get a response. His spokesperson, Michelle Davis, told the Times that Jester followed what the paper paraphrases as an “ethics plan to avoid conflict with all of his stock holdings.” (According to a federal database search, Jester received $30,000 [4] for six months consulting at the Treasury Department.)
Earlier this year, a Times op-ed online dubbed Jester one of the “mystery men” [5] of the financial crisis and noted that Jester was at the center of the Treasury Department’s response to AIG’s impending collapse. During the chaotic two months in the fall of 2008, Timothy Geithner, then the head of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, spoke on the phone with Jester 103 times — more than other person aside from then-Treasury Secretary Henry Pauslon. Jester relocated to AIG’s offices for a period of time, the paper reported.
The government’s decision to have AIG pay out Goldman and others bets at full value has been controversial. The Times said while several of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s outside advisors recommended it force banks to take losses on their bets with AIG, Jester advocated for full repayment:
According to the documents, Mr. Jester opposed bailout structures that required the banks to return cash to A.I.G. Nothing in the documents indicates that Mr. Jester advocated forcing Goldman and the other banks to accept a discount on the deals.
As an example of the advice against paying full value for the deals, the Times cited a presentation from an advisor [6] to the New York Fed, which outlined five reasons banks should agree to concessions. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York defended its decisions to the Times:
“This was not about the banks,” said Sarah J. Dahlgren, a senior vice president for the New York Fed who oversees A.I.G. “This was about stabilizing the system by preventing the disorderly collapse of A.I.G. and the potentially devastating consequences of that event for the U.S. and global economies.”








